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APA 7th Edition — Extended Guide for Academic Paper Writing
Extends deep-research/references/apa7_style_guide.md with additional rules specific to full paper writing (vs. research reports).
Paper-Specific APA Rules
Title Page (Student vs. Professional)
Professional Paper:
Title of Paper (Bold, Centered, Title Case)
[blank line]
Author Name(s)
Affiliation(s)
[blank line]
Author Note (optional)
Student Paper:
Title of Paper (Bold, Centered, Title Case)
[blank line]
Author Name
Department, Institution
Course Number: Course Name
Instructor Name
Due Date
Running Head
- Professional papers: shortened title (max 50 chars), ALL CAPS, left-aligned header
- Student papers: no running head required (APA 7 change from 6th ed.)
Abstract Page
- Heading: "Abstract" (centered, bold, not indented)
- Single paragraph, no indent
- 150-250 words (journal may specify differently)
- Keywords line: "Keywords:" in italics, followed by lowercase keywords separated by commas
Section Headings (Detailed)
| Level |
Format |
Example |
| 1 |
Centered, Bold, Title Case |
Introduction |
| 2 |
Left-Aligned, Bold, Title Case |
Theoretical Framework |
| 3 |
Left-Aligned, Bold Italic, Title Case |
Constructivist Perspective |
| 4 |
Indented, Bold, Title Case, Period. |
Social Constructivism. Text continues... |
| 5 |
Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case, Period. |
Vygotsky's Zone. Text continues... |
Usage rules:
- Don't skip levels (e.g., don't go from Level 1 to Level 3)
- Introduction doesn't need a Level 1 heading (it's assumed)
- Subsections need at least 2 sibling sections
Extended Citation Rules
Works with 21+ Authors
List first 19 authors, then "..." (ellipsis), then final author:
Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., Author, D., Author, E.,
Author, F., Author, G., Author, H., Author, I., Author, J.,
Author, K., Author, L., Author, M., Author, N., Author, O.,
Author, P., Author, Q., Author, R., Author, S., ... Author, Z. (Year).
Group Authors
- First citation: Full name (Abbreviation) — e.g., World Health Organization (WHO)
- Subsequent: Abbreviation only — e.g., WHO
- In reference list: spell out full name
Works with No Author
- Use the title in the author position
- In-text: use short title in quotes ("Short Title," Year)
- In reference list: alphabetize by the first significant word of the title
Personal Communications
- In-text only: (J. Smith, personal communication, March 15, 2024)
- NOT in reference list (not recoverable data)
Classical Works
- No date needed for well-known classical works
- Use original publication date / translation date: (Aristotle, trans. 1925)
Legal References
- Follow Bluebook format for legal materials
- Court cases italicized: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Software / App
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software (Version X.X) [Computer software]. Publisher. URL
Author [@handle]. (Year, Month Day). Content of post up to first 20 words [Type of post]. Platform. URL
Podcast Episode
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. X) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast name. Publisher. URL
YouTube Video
Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. URL
Preprint
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of preprint. Name of Preprint Archive. https://doi.org/xxxxx
AI-Generated Content (APA Guidance)
When citing AI-generated text:
OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (Version 4) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com
Note: Describe the prompt in the text. AI output is not recoverable,
so provide the prompt and relevant output in appendix if needed.
Table 1
Descriptive Title in Italic Title Case
Column Head Column Head Column Head
─────────────────────────────────────────
Row 1 data Row 1 data Row 1 data
Row 2 data Row 2 data Row 2 data
─────────────────────────────────────────
Note. General note. Specific note for a column or cell.
a Specific note. b Specific note.
* p < .05. ** p < .01. *** p < .001.
Figure 1
Descriptive Title in Italic Title Case
[Figure content]
Note. Description and any necessary explanation.
Adapted from "Title," by A. Author, Year, Journal, Volume, p. X
(https://doi.org/xxxxx). Copyright Year by Copyright Holder.
Numbers and Statistics
Statistical Notation
- Italicize statistical symbols: M, SD, t, F, p, N, n, r, R²
- Report exact p values: p = .032 (not p < .05), unless p < .001
- Effect sizes: always report (Cohen's d, η², r)
- Confidence intervals: 95% CI [lower, upper]
Decimal Places
| Statistic |
Decimal Places |
| Proportions, correlations, inferential statistics |
2 |
| Percentages |
0 or 1 |
| Means, SDs |
2 (or match measurement precision) |
| p values |
3 (report exact unless < .001) |
Bias-Free Language
Person-First vs. Identity-First
- Generally prefer person-first: "people with disabilities"
- Respect community preference: "Deaf community" (capital D)
Gender
- Use "they/them" as singular gender-neutral pronoun
- Avoid "he or she" — use "they"
- Use specific terms: "women and men" not "males and females" (unless biological sex)
Age
- Use specific ranges: "older adults (65+)" not "the elderly"
Racial/Ethnic Identity
- Capitalize: Black, White, Indigenous, Asian American
- Be specific when possible: "Korean American" not "Asian"
Common Errors Specific to Full Papers
- Abstract doesn't match paper — abstract written first, paper evolves, abstract not updated
- Introduction has a heading — in APA 7, the introduction doesn't get a "Introduction" heading
- References not in hanging indent — every reference entry: first line flush, subsequent lines indented
- Et al. period missing — it's "et al." (with period) because "al." is abbreviated
- Ampersand in text — use "and" in narrative, "&" only in parenthetical citations and reference list
- Block quote formatting — ≥40 words: indented, no quotation marks, citation after final period
- Serial comma missing — APA uses the Oxford comma: "A, B, and C"
- Passive voice overuse — APA 7 encourages active voice; passive only when actor is unknown