A Chinese APA 7.0 citation format guide based on Taiwan academic conventions. This guide is a Chinese-language extension of apa7_extended_guide.md, used by citation_compliance_agent, draft_writer_agent, and formatter_agent.
Author1, Author2 (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Single author:
Wang, Da-Ming (2024). The impact of declining birthrate on private university management strategies. Journal of Higher Education, 15(2), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.6152/jhe.2024.0502.03
Two authors:
Wang, Da-Ming, & Li, Xiao-Hua (2024). The evolution and prospects of Taiwan's higher education quality assurance system. Bulletin of Educational Research, 70(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3966/102887082024037001001
Three or more authors:
Wang, Da-Ming, Li, Xiao-Hua, Zhang, San-Feng, Chen, Si-Hai, & Lin, Wu-Zhou (2023). A meta-analysis of blended learning models on university student learning outcomes. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 55(2), 201-228. https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.202312_55(2).0002
In-text citations: - Single author: Wang (2024) states... / ...(Wang, 2024) - Two authors: Wang and Li (2024)... / ...(Wang & Li, 2024) - Three or more (first time): Wang et al. (2023)... / ...(Wang et al., 2023) - Three or more (subsequent): Wang et al. (2023)...
Author (Year). Book title. Publisher.
Single author:
Zhang, San (2023). A history of Taiwan's higher education development. Wu-Nan Books.
Edited book:
Wang, Wu (Ed.) (2023). Higher education quality management: Theory and practice. Higher Education Publishing.
Multiple editions:
Lin, Liu (2024). Educational research methods (5th ed.). Psychological Publishing.
Translated book:
Creswell, J. W. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (F.-F. Zhang, Trans.; 5th ed.). Scholarly Cultural Enterprise. (Original work published 2018)
In-text citations: - Zhang (2023) mentions in his work... - ...(Zhang, 2023, p. 45-48) - Translated book: Creswell (2018/2023)...
Chapter author (Year). Chapter title. In Editor name (Ed.), Book title (pp. Pages). Publisher.
Li, Si (2023). The evolution of quality assurance systems. In W. Wang (Ed.), Higher education quality management: Theory and practice (pp. 45-78). Higher Education Publishing.
Chen, Mei-Ling (2024). The practice of university social responsibility. In Z.-C. Lin & S.-L. Huang (Eds.), New trends in Taiwan's university governance (pp. 112-145). Wu-Nan Books.
Author (Year). Thesis title (Unpublished master's/doctoral dissertation). University name.
Unpublished thesis/dissertation:
Chen, Liu (2024). The impact of AI-assisted instruction on student learning outcomes: A case study of National Taiwan University (Unpublished master's thesis). National Taiwan University.
Published (with DOI or database):
Huang, Qi (2023). A case study of private university transformation strategies (Doctoral dissertation, National Chengchi University). National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/xxxxx
In-text citations: - Chen (2024) found in their study... - ...(Chen, 2024)
Organization name (Year). Publication title. https://url
Government report:
Ministry of Education (2024). Academic Year 113 higher education institution transparency platform statistics. https://udb.moe.edu.tw/
Legislation:
Ministry of Education (2023). University Act (amended June 28, 2023). Laws and Regulations Database of the Republic of China. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=H0030001
Accreditation report:
Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (2024). Third-cycle institutional accreditation implementation plan (Academic Years 112-114). https://www.heeact.edu.tw/
In-text citations: - Ministry of Education (2024) statistics show... - ...(Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan, 2024)
Author (Year, Month). Paper title [Conference paper]. Conference name, Location.
Lin, Ba (2024, November). The impact of generative AI on higher education teaching [Conference paper]. 2024 Taiwan Education Academic Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.
Author or organization (Year). Webpage title. Website name. https://url
National Development Council (2024). Population projections (2024 to 2070). https://pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw/
University TW (2024, March 15). Analysis of Academic Year 113 university admission quotas. University TW website. https://www.unews.com.tw/
Option A (Recommended): Separate Chinese and English - Chinese references listed first, ordered by author surname stroke count - English references listed after, ordered alphabetically by author surname - Separated by two headings: "Chinese References" and "English References"
Option B: Mixed Chinese-English Ordering - All Chinese and English references listed together - Chinese ordered by stroke count, English by alphabetical order - Chinese entries placed at the corresponding phonetic/pinyin letter position (or all Chinese first)
| Element | Chinese | English |
|---|---|---|
| Parentheses | Full-width () | Half-width () |
| Multiple author connector | Enumeration comma | & |
| Three or more authors | et al. (Chinese equivalent) | et al. |
| Year format | CE year | CE year |
| Direct quote page | p. (Chinese format) | p. 45 |
| Multi-page quote | pp. (Chinese format) | pp. 45-48 |
In recent years, the impact of declining birthrates on Taiwan's higher education has received widespread attention (Wang, 2024; Chen & Wang, 2023).
Smith et al. (2024) and Wang et al. (2023) both indicated that private universities face particularly severe enrollment pressure.
References
I. Chinese References
Wang, Da-Ming (2024). The impact of declining birthrate on private university management strategies. Journal of Higher Education, 15(2), 45-68.
https://doi.org/10.6152/jhe.2024.0502.03
Li, Xiao-Hua, & Zhang, San-Feng (2023). The evolution of Taiwan's higher education quality assurance system. Educational Policy Forum, 26(3), 1-30.
Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (2024). Third-cycle institutional accreditation implementation plan.
https://www.heeact.edu.tw/
Ministry of Education (2024). Academic Year 113 higher education institution transparency platform statistics. https://udb.moe.edu.tw/
II. English References
Chen, L., & Wang, T. (2023). Quality assurance in East Asian higher education: A
comparative study. Higher Education, 85(3), 567-589.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01012-4
Smith, J. A., Jones, B. C., & Brown, D. E. (2024). The impact of declining birth
rates on private university sustainability. Studies in Higher Education, 49(2),
234-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2301234
Some Taiwan Social Sciences Citation Index (TSSCI) journals have their own citation format requirements.
| Journal | Citation Format | Special Requirements |
|---|---|---|
| Bulletin of Educational Research | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Bulletin of Educational Psychology | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English; English translation of Chinese references required |
| Journal of Research in Education Sciences | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Curriculum & Instruction Quarterly | APA 7th Chinese edition | Mixed Chinese-English ordering |
| Educational Policy Forum | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English; page format uses Chinese page notation |
| Journal of Higher Education | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Taiwan Journal of Sociology of Education | APA 7th Chinese edition | Separate Chinese and English |
| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Da-Ming Wang (2024) | Wang, Da-Ming (2024) | Chinese names should follow the citation format conventions |
| Wang, Da-Ming (2024) in English format | Use Chinese name in Chinese references | Use Chinese names for Chinese references |
| Wang, Li (2024) without separator | Wang & Li (2024) | Use appropriate connector between authors |
| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Wang (ROC Year 113) | Wang (2024) | APA always uses CE years |
| Wang (2024 year) | Wang (2024) | Do not add the word "year" after the number |
| Wang, 2024 without parentheses | Wang (2024) | Use proper parentheses |
| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Period after journal name | Comma after journal name | Use comma after journal name to connect to volume/issue |
| "p." before page numbers in journal articles | Page numbers only | Do not add page indicator before page numbers in journal article references |
| Period after DOI/URL | No punctuation after DOI/URL | No period at the end of DOI/URL |
| Error | Correct | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| Taipei: Publisher. | Publisher. | APA 7 does not require publication location |
| Abbreviated publisher name | Full publisher name. | Use the publisher's full name |
| Error | Correct |
|---|---|
| Creswell, translated by Zhang (2023) | Creswell, J. W. (2023). Book title (F.-F. Zhang, Trans.; 5th ed.). Publisher. (Original work published 2018) |
In-text: Wang (2024a)... Wang (2024b)...
References:
Wang (2024a). First paper title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
Wang (2024b). Second paper title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
In-text: Ministry of Education (2024)... / ...(Ministry of Education, 2024)
First mention: Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan [HEEACT] (2024)...
Subsequent: HEEACT (2024)...
In-text: Wang's research (as cited in Li, 2024) indicates...
References: Only list Li (2024); do not list Wang's original work
OpenAI (2024). ChatGPT (Version GPT-4) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com
Anthropic (2024). Claude (Version 3.5 Sonnet) [Large language model]. https://claude.ai
After completing the reference list, check each item: