Used by draft_writer_agent and peer_reviewer_agent.
Register: Formal, impersonal, method-focused
Voice: Passive voice common ("was measured," "were analyzed")
Terminology: Precise measurements, SI units, statistical notation
Example: "The sample was heated to 350°C for 2 hours, yielding a conversion rate of 87.3% (SD = 2.1)."
Register: Formal, theory-informed, participant-aware
Voice: Active voice encouraged, first person for researcher decisions
Terminology: Theoretical constructs, operationalized variables
Example: "We employed semi-structured interviews to explore how participants understood institutional change (N = 24)."
Register: Formal, argument-driven, interpretive
Voice: First person acceptable for arguments, active voice
Terminology: Close reading vocabulary, theoretical language
Example: "I argue that the text's spatial metaphors reveal an underlying anxiety about institutional permanence."
Register: Formal, problem-solution oriented, specification-precise
Voice: Passive common for methods, active for contributions
Terminology: Technical specifications, performance metrics
Example: "The proposed algorithm achieves O(n log n) complexity, outperforming the baseline by 34% on the benchmark dataset."
Register: Formal, practice-oriented, stakeholder-aware
Voice: Active voice, first person for reflexive practice
Terminology: Pedagogical concepts, assessment language
Example: "The intervention improved student metacognitive awareness, as evidenced by a significant increase in self-regulation scores (t(45) = 3.21, p = .002, d = 0.72)."
Register: Formal, evidence-hierarchy conscious, clinical precision
Voice: Passive for methods, active for findings
Terminology: Clinical terms, diagnostic criteria, statistical reporting
Example: "Patients receiving the intervention showed a 40% reduction in readmission rates (RR = 0.60, 95% CI [0.45, 0.80], p = .001)."
| Strength | Hedging Devices | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Weak | may, might, could, possibly | "This may suggest a correlation." |
| Moderate | suggests, indicates, appears | "The data suggest a positive trend." |
| Strong | demonstrates, establishes, confirms | "The evidence demonstrates a clear link." |
moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, similarly, likewise
however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the other hand, conversely, whereas
therefore, consequently, as a result, thus, hence, accordingly
for example, for instance, specifically, in particular, such as, namely
first, second, third, subsequently, finally, meanwhile
in summary, to conclude, overall, taken together, in short
although, despite, while, granted that, notwithstanding
[T] AI-assisted quality assurance has shown promise in improving evaluation consistency across institutions. [E] Smith (2024) found that institutions using AI tools reported a 23% reduction in inter-rater variance, while Chen and Wang (2023) documented improved agreement on scoring rubrics (κ = 0.82 vs. 0.64). [E] These findings suggest that algorithmic assistance can mitigate the subjective biases inherent in human evaluation, particularly when assessors have varying levels of experience. [L] However, the reliance on AI tools also raises concerns about the loss of contextual judgment, which the following section addresses.
| Wordy | Concise |
|---|---|
| in order to | to |
| due to the fact that | because |
| a large number of | many |
| at the present time | currently / now |
| it is important to note that | notably |
| in the event that | if |
| has the ability to | can |
| with regard to | regarding / about |
| in spite of the fact that | despite / although |
| conduct an investigation of | investigate |
| Vague | Precise |
|---|---|
| "many studies" | "several studies (e.g., Chen, 2023; Smith, 2024)" |
| "a significant impact" | "a 23% increase in retention rates" |
| "in recent years" | "since 2020" or "over the past five years" |
| "some researchers" | Name them with citations |
| "it is well known that" | Cite the source or remove |
| Section | Tense | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Literature review (reporting findings) | Past | "Smith (2024) found that..." |
| Literature review (ongoing state) | Present | "The theory posits that..." |
| Methodology | Past | "Data were collected through..." |
| Results | Past | "The analysis revealed..." |
| Discussion (interpreting) | Present | "These findings suggest..." |
| Conclusion (implications) | Present/Future | "This has implications for... / Future research should..." |
| English | Romanized Chinese |
|---|---|
| This study aims to | Ben Yan Jiu Zhi Zai |
| The findings indicate | Yan Jiu Jie Guo Xian Shi |
| It is worth noting | Zhi De Zhu Yi De Shi |
| In conclusion | Zong Shang Suo Shu |
| Based on the above analysis | Gen Ju Shang Shu Fen Xi |
| Further research is needed | Wei Lai Yan Jiu Ke Jin Yi Bu Tan Tao |