📄 / / root / .hermes / kanban / boards / nv-office / workspaces / t_320ad093 / benchmark_matrix.md

Benchmark Matrix
- References

type: benchmark-matrix title: "Cross-Country Tourism Measurement Benchmark Matrix" status: draft center: Vietnam

Benchmark Matrix

This matrix synthesizes key features of the tourism measurement systems in Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and China.

Dimension	Vietnam (Baseline Axis)	Thailand	Malaysia	Singapore	Indonesia	China
1. Responsible Agencies	• VNAT (Cục Du lịch QGVN) • GSO (Tổng cục Thống kê) • Cục QL Xuất nhập cảnh (Bộ Công an) • Local Departments of Tourism	• MoTS (Ministry of Tourism & Sports) • TAT (Tourism Authority of Thailand) • NSO (National Statistical Office) • Immigration Bureau	• MOTAC (Ministry of Tourism, Arts & Culture) • DOSM (Dept. of Statistics Malaysia) • Tourism Malaysia • Immigration Dept.	• STB (Singapore Tourism Board) • DOS (Dept. of Statistics Singapore) • ICA (Immigration & Checkpoints Authority)	• Kemenparekraf (Ministry of Tourism & Creative Econ) • BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) • Bank Indonesia • DG of Immigration	• MCT (Ministry of Culture & Tourism) • CTA (China Tourism Academy) • NBS (National Bureau of Statistics) • NIA (National Immigration Admin)
2. Arrival Measurement	• Immigration border checks (entry records) • Transitioning to e-visa databases	• Immigration records • TDAC (Thailand Digital Arrival Card) • Biometric gates	• Immigration records (MyIMMs) • MDAC (Malaysia Digital Arrival Card, mandatory 2024)	• 100% digital border records • SGAC (SG Arrival Card) required for all	• Immigration check-points • Electronic arrival/visa databases	• Border inspection systems • National Immigration Administration (NIA) data
3. Receipts / Spending Methods	• GSO sample surveys (International Visitor Survey) • Periodic household travel surveys • Local lodging revenue reports	• Border exit surveys • Accommodation surveys • Integrated under TSA framework	• DOSM surveys (Inbound & Domestic Surveys) • Hotel and industry business surveys	• Overseas Visitor Survey (OVS) at Changi/ports • Hotel occupancy & enterprise records • Card payment/telco partnerships	• BPS passenger surveys • Bank Indonesia BOP/foreign exchange records (Devisa)	• NBS/MCT sample surveys • Telco triangulation (China Mobile/Unicom/Telecom) • Payment data (Alipay/WeChat Pay) • OTA records
4. TSA Framework Implementation	• Under Development / Pilot • Trial TSA models launched (2012) • Lacks annual operational run due to I-O table lag	• Mature / Operational • Managed by MoTS • Publishes annual national & regional TSAs	• Mature / Operational • Managed by DOSM • Publishes annual TSAs (e.g. 2024 TSA in Sept 2025)	• Mature / Operational • Managed by DOS in partnership with STB • Publishes annual TSAs	• Operational • Managed by BPS • Standardized but suffers from publication lag	• Operational • Jointly run by NBS & MCT since 2013 • Tailored for domestic-heavy sector
5. Key Indicators Published	• International Visitor Arrivals • Domestic Visitor Trips • Total Tourism Receipts • Occupancy Rate (AOR) • Average Stay (ALOS)	• Arrivals & receipts • Receipts per capita • Tourism GDP contribution • Regional TSA indicators	• Arrivals & domestic trips • Spending components (shopping, F&B, hotel) • TSA GDP contribution (15.1% in 2024) • Employment	• Visitor Arrivals & ALOS • Receipts by 5 segments (Shopping, Hotel, etc.) • Hotel Stats (AOR, ARR, RevPAR) • MICE events & spending	• Arrivals & domestic trips • Tourism GDP contribution • Foreign exchange earnings • Employment	• Trip counts (inbound/outbound/domestic) • Total tourism receipts • Tourism value-added to GDP • Holiday-specific daily metrics
6. Data Collection Methods	• Immigration records • Paper/digital declarations • GSO survey sampling • Local department reporting	• Border gates data • Exit/expenditure surveys • Integrated digital databases	• MyIMMs databases • DOSM surveys • Monthly accommodation reports	• 100% digital SGAC data • OVS survey interviews • Telco/merchant data agreements	• Border checkpoint records • BPS surveys • Bank Indonesia payment tracking	• NIA databases • NBS national sample surveys • Mobile/telco data • Payment & booking APIs
7. Reporting Frequency	• Arrivals: Monthly • Overall metrics: Monthly/Quarterly/Annual • Statistical Yearbook: Annual	• Arrivals & indicators: Monthly • TSA: Annual	• Domestic Survey: Quarterly • TSA/GDP: Annual • Bulletins: Monthly	• Arrivals: Monthly • Receipts: Quarterly • TSA: Annual	• Arrivals: Monthly • Domestic/Hotel: Monthly • TSA: Annual (with lag)	• Overall metrics: Monthly/Quarterly/Annual • Major holidays: Daily during periods
8. Public Accessibility	• VNAT & GSO websites (PDF reports, bulletins) • Limited raw dataset access • Primary data in Vietnamese	• MoTS website • TAT Data Catalog (`datacatalog.tat.or.th`) with APIs • Interactive dashboards	• DOSM and Tourism Malaysia portals • OpenDOSM (`open.dosm.gov.my`) with APIs • myGOV dashboard	• STAN (`stan.stb.gov.my`) dashboard • TIH (`tih.stb.gov.my`) developer API portal • Tcube platform	• BPS database website • Kemenparekraf dashboard (Satu Data) • BI database portal	• NBS & MCT websites • CTA publications • Raw data mostly in Chinese
9. System Strengths	• Clear regulatory mandates (Tourism Law 2017) • Ongoing local smart tourism trials	• Advanced big data platforms (TAT-AI, TIC) • Regional TSA granularity	• Central DOSM ownership of TSA • High transparency (OpenDOSM portal)	• 100% digital border inputs (SGAC) • Unified analytics (STAN) & content (TIH) • Deep private partnerships	• Multi-agency triangulation (BPS, BI, Immigration) • Satu Data metadata compliance	• Scale of big data integration (Telco, Alipay, Trip.com) • Real-time holiday monitoring
10. System Weaknesses	• Lacks regular operational TSA • Lack of unified national data platform • Silos between Immigration and VNAT/GSO	• Border land-traffic tracking complexity • Inter-agency alignment friction	• Land borders classification challenges (day-trippers vs tourists)	• High reliance on digital inputs (less tracking of cash/informal)	• Decentralization leads to regional quality gaps • Lag in TSA reporting	• Regional vs national statistics mismatches • Restricted access to raw data

References

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) official website. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/
Bank Indonesia. (2025). Bank Indonesia official website. Retrieved from https://www.bi.go.id/
Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). (2023). Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) 2022. Putrajaya: DOSM. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/
Department of Statistics Singapore. (2023). Singapore Tourism Satellite Account 2022. Singapore: Ministry of Trade and Industry. Retrieved from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/
Immigration & Checkpoints Authority. (2026). SG Arrival Card (SGAC) with Electronic Health Declaration. Government of Singapore. Retrieved from https://www.ica.gov.sg/enter-transit-depart/entering-singapore/sg-arrival-card
Li, J., & Liu, Y. (2013). Research and Implementation of Tourism Satellite Account in China. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Technology. Springer, 343–350. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38433-2_90
Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China. (2025). 2024 Culture and Tourism Development Statistical Communiqué. Retrieved from https://zwgk.mct.gov.cn/zfxxgkml/tjxx/202505/t20250530_960335.html
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam. (2017). Luật Du lịch Việt Nam 2017 (Luật số 09/2017/QH14). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Chính trị Quốc gia Sự thật.
Ministry of Tourism and Sports of Thailand. (2024). รายงานการจัดทำบัญชีประชาชาติด้านการท่องเที่ยว (Tourism Satellite Account: TSA). Bangkok: MoTS. Retrieved from https://www.mots.go.th/news/category/520
Singapore Tourism Board. (2026). Singapore Tourism Analytics Network (STAN). Government of Singapore. Retrieved from https://stan.stb.gov.sg/
Tong cuc Thong ke (GSO). (2024). Nien giam Thong ke Viet Nam 2023. Ha Noi: Nha xuat ban Thong ke.
Tourism Authority of Thailand. (2025). Welcome - TAT Data Catalog. Retrieved from https://datacatalog.tat.or.th/en/
World Tourism Organization. (2008). Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework 2008. Madrid: UNWTO.