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Citation Styles Reference

This document provides detailed guidelines for formatting citations in various academic styles commonly used in literature reviews.

APA Style (7th Edition)

Journal Articles

Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Example: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L., & Williams, K. R. (2023). Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 22(4), 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2023.001

Books

Format: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xxxx

Example: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2021). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (10th ed.). Elsevier.

Book Chapters

Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Example: Brown, P. O., & Botstein, D. (2020). Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays. In M. B. Eisen & P. O. Brown (Eds.), DNA microarrays: A molecular cloning manual (pp. 1-45). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Preprints

Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of preprint. Repository Name. https://doi.org/xxxx

Example: Zhang, Y., Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2024). Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.001

Conference Papers

Format: Author, A. A. (Year, Month day-day). Title of paper. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of conference proceedings (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

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Nature Style

Journal Articles

Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. Title of article. J. Name volume, page range (year).

Example: Smith, J. D., Johnson, M. L. & Williams, K. R. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 22, 301-318 (2023).

Books

Format: Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. Book Title (Publisher, Year).

Example: Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K. & Aster, J. C. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 10th edn (Elsevier, 2021).

Multiple Authors

• 1-2 authors: List all
• 3+ authors: List first author followed by "et al."

Example: Zhang, Y. et al. Novel therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.001 (2024).

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Chicago Style (Author-Date)

Journal Articles

Format: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. "Article Title." Journal Title volume, no. issue (Month): page range. https://doi.org/xxxx.

Example: Smith, John D., Mary L. Johnson, and Karen R. Williams. 2023. "Machine Learning Approaches in Drug Discovery." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 22, no. 4 (April): 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2023.001.

Books

Format: Author, First Name Middle Initial. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place: Publisher.

Example: Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, and Jon C. Aster. 2021. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

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Vancouver Style (Numbered)

Journal Articles

Format: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Name. Year;volume(issue):page range.

Example: Smith JD, Johnson ML, Williams KR. Machine learning approaches in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22(4):301-18.

Books

Format: Author AA, Author BB. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher; Year.

Example: Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.

Citation in Text

Use superscript numbers in order of appearance: "Recent studies^1,2^ have shown..."

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IEEE Style

Journal Articles

Format: [#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, "Title of article," Abbreviated Journal Name, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Month Year.

Example: [1] J. D. Smith, M. L. Johnson, and K. R. Williams, "Machine learning approaches in drug discovery," Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 301-318, Apr. 2023.

Books

Format: [#] A. A. Author, Title of Book, xth ed. City, State: Publisher, Year.

Example: [2] V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, and J. C. Aster, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2021.

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Common Abbreviations for Journal Names

• Nature: Nat.
• Science: Science
• Cell: Cell
• Nature Reviews Drug Discovery: Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.
• Journal of the American Chemical Society: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
• PLOS ONE: PLoS ONE
• Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics
• Nucleic Acids Research: Nucleic Acids Res.

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DOI Best Practices

1. Always verify DOIs: Use the verify_citations.py script to check all DOIs
2. Format as URLs: https://doi.org/10.xxxx/yyyy (preferred over doi:10.xxxx/yyyy)
3. No period after DOI: DOI should be the last element without trailing punctuation
4. Resolve redirects: Check that DOIs resolve to the correct article

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In-Text Citation Guidelines

APA Style

• (Smith et al., 2023)
• Smith et al. (2023) demonstrated...
• Multiple citations: (Brown, 2022; Smith et al., 2023; Zhang, 2024)

Nature Style

• Superscript numbers: Recent studies^1,2^ have shown...
• Or: Recent studies (refs 1,2) have shown...

Chicago Style

• (Smith, Johnson, and Williams 2023)
• Smith, Johnson, and Williams (2023) found...

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Reference List Organization

By Citation Style

• APA, Chicago: Alphabetical by first author's last name
• Nature, Vancouver, IEEE: Numerical order of first appearance in text

Hanging Indents

Most styles use hanging indents where the first line is flush left and subsequent lines are indented.

Consistency

Maintain consistent formatting throughout: - Capitalization (title case vs. sentence case) - Journal name abbreviations - DOI presentation - Author name format